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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Chemistry of Vesicating Agents
Albrio, P. W. and L. Fishbein (1970). "Gas chromatography of sulfur mustard and its analogs." J Chromatogr 46(2): 202-3. Pubmed ID=5415037
Ali-Mattila, E., K. Siivinen, et al. (1983). "Mass spectrometric methods in structural analysis of some vesicants." Int J Mass Spectrom Ion Phys 47: 371-374.
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Angelov, A., L. Belchev, et al. (1996). "Experimental sulfur mustard gas poisoning and protective effect of different medicines in rats and rabbits." Indian Vet J 73: 546-551.
Arroyo, C. M., R. J. Schafer, et al. (2000). "Reactivity of chloroethyl sulfides in the presence of a chlorinated prophylactic: a kinetic study by EPR/spin trapping and NMR techniques." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S7-12. Pubmed ID=11428646
Atkinson, R. (1987). "A structure-activity relationship for the estimation of rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals with organic compounds." Int J Chem Kinet 19: 799-828.
Auerbach, C. and J. M. Robson (1946). "Tests of chemical substances for mutagenic action." Proc Royal Society of Edinburgh 62B: 284-291.
Ball, C. R. and J. J. Roberts (1970). "DNA repair after mustard gas alkylation by sensitive and resistant Yoshida sarcoma cells in vitro." Chem Biol Interact 2(4): 321-9. Pubmed ID=5526768
Banks, T. E., J. C. Boursnell, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 4. Their action on proteins (studied with the aid of radioactive sulphur)." Biochem J 40(5-6): 745-56. Pubmed ID=16748082
Bartlett, P. D. and C. G. Swain (1949). "Kinetics of hydrolysis and displacement reactions of β,β'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide (mustard gas) and of β-chloro-β'-hydroxydiethyl sulfide (mustard chlorohydrin)." J Am Chem Soc 71: 1406-1415.
Baskin, S. I., V. Prabhaharan, et al. (2000). "In vitro effects of anionic sulfur compounds on the spectrophotometric properties of native DNA." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S3-5. Pubmed ID=11428639
Belcher, D. W. (1977). "Spray drying of war gas residue." CEP: 101-104.
Black, R. M., R. J. Clarke, et al. (1993). "Application of head space analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulphur mustard and related compounds." J Chromatogr 637: 71-81.
Black, R. M., R. J. Clarke, et al. (1991). "Analysis of 1,1'-sulphonylbis[2-(methylsulphinyl)ethane] and 1-methylsulphinyl-2-[2-(methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane, metabolites of sulphur mustard, in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr 558(2): 405-14. Pubmed ID=1797814
Black, R. M., R. J. Clarke, et al. (1994). "Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples, found to contain residues of the nerve agent sarin, sulphur mustard and their degradation products." J Chromatogr A 662(2): 301-21. Pubmed ID=8143028
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (1991). "Methods for the analysis of thiodiglycol sulphoxide, a metabolite of sulphur mustard, in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr 558(2): 393-404. Pubmed ID=1797813
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (1995). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane): identification of beta-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine." Xenobiotica 25(2): 167-73. Pubmed ID=7618344
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (1995). "Improved methodology for the detection and quantitation of urinary metabolites of sulphur mustard using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 665(1): 97-105. Pubmed ID=7795806
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (2004). Urinary metabolites of sulfur mustard derived from the beta-lyase and mercapturic acid pathways as indicators of exposure. Proceedings on the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1071
Boopathi, M., M. V. Suryanarayana, et al. (2006). "Plastic antibody for the recognition of chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard." Biosens Bioelectron 21(12): 2339-44. Pubmed ID=16569501
Boronin, A. M., I. T. Ermakova, et al. (2000). "Ecologically safe destruction of the detoxification products of mustard-lewisite mixtures from the Russian chemical stockpile." J Chem Technol Biotechnol 15: 82-88.
Borrett, V. T., R. J. Matthews, et al. (1996). "Verification of the United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention: the application of electrospray mass spectrometry." Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10: 1114-1118.
Bossle, P. C., M. W. Ellzy, et al. (1992). "Detection of thiodiglycol and its sulfoxide and sulfone analogues in environmental waters by high performance liquid chromatogrophy." Abstracts of Papers, part 1, 203rd ACS national meeting 0-8412-2210-X.
Boursnell, J. C., G. E. Francis, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 3. The preparation and use of mustard gas containing (a) radioactive sulphur and (b) deuterium." Biochem J 40(5-6): 743-5. Pubmed ID=16748081
Boursnell, J. C., G. E. Francis, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 6. The fate of injected betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphone and betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphoxide (containing radioactive sulphur) in the animal body." Biochem J 40(5-6): 765-8. Pubmed ID=16748084
Bowden, E. (1943). Median detectable concentrations by odor of plant run mustard, plant run lewisite and pilot plant ethyl nitrogen mustard, Chemical Warfare Service.
Boyer, A. E., D. Ash, et al. (2004). "Quantitation of the sulfur mustard metabolites 1,1'-sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] and thiodiglycol in urine using isotope-dilution Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 327-32. Pubmed ID=15239851
Brevett, C. A., K. B. Sumpter, et al. (2007). "Degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, on concrete." J Hazard Mater 140(1-2): 353-60. Pubmed ID=17049727
Brimfield, A. A. (1995). "Possible protein phosphatase inhibition by bis(hydroxyethyl)sulfide, a hydrolysis product of mustard gas." Toxicol Lett 78(1): 43-8. Pubmed ID=7604398
Brimfield, A. A. and M. J. Novak (2004). Thiodiglycol metabolism by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase using NMR: synthetic route to the metabolic intermediate hydroxyethylthio acetaldehyde via the cyclic 1,4-oxathian-2-Ol. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1086/html
Brimfield, A. A., L. M. Zweig, et al. (1998). "In vitro oxidation of the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard, 2,2'-thiobis-ethanol, by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase." J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12(6): 361-9. Pubmed ID=9736485
Broch, H., A. Hamza, et al. (1996). "Quantum molecular modeling of the interaction between guanine and alkylating agents--1--sulfur mustard." J Biomol Struct Dyn 13(6): 903-14. Pubmed ID=8832373
Burrows, E. P. (1998). Analysis of chemical warfare agents and their transformation products. Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I).
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Capacio, B. R., J. R. Smith, et al. (2004). "Monitoring sulfur mustard exposure by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of thiodiglycol cleaved from blood proteins." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 306-10. Pubmed ID=15239847
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Carrick, W. A., D. B. Cooper, et al. (2001). "Retrospective identification of chemical warfare agents by high-temperature automatic thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr A 925(1-2): 241-9. Pubmed ID=11519809
Carter, C. A., Y. Habraken, et al. (1988). "Release of 7-alkylguanines from haloethylnitrosourea-treated DNA by E. coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase II." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155(3): 1261-5. Pubmed ID=3052445
Casselman, A. A., N. C. C. Gibson, et al. (1973). "A rapid, sensitive, gas-liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide collected from air in hydrocarbon solvents." J Chromatogr 78: 317-322.
Cheng, T. C., J. E. Kolakowski, et al. (1993). "Bioprocessing of industrial and agricultural waste 1: Advances in the biodegradation of chemical warfare agents and related materials." J Cell Biochem Suppl 21A: 41.
Cohen, B. (1946). Kinetic reactions of sulfur and nitrogen mustards. Chemical warfare agents and related problems, parts 3-4. Washington, DC, Office of scientific research and development, Division 9, NRDC: NTIS PB158-508, 415-424.
Colburn, E. F. (1978). Monitoring the disposal of hazardous materials. 1977 joint conference on sensing of environmental pollutants, New Orleans, LA, American Chemical Society.
Connors, T. A., A. B. Foster, et al. (1972). "Chemical trapping of a reactive metabolite. The metabolism of the AZO-mustard 2'-carboxy-4-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-2-methylazobenzene." Biochem Pharmacol 21(9): 1309-16. Pubmed ID=5064577
Converso, A., P. L. Saaidi, et al. (2004). "Nucleophilic substitution by grignard reagents on sulfur mustards." J Org Chem 69(21): 7336-9. Pubmed ID=15471488
Cowan, F. M., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1993). Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis following in vitro and in vivo exposures. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Cowan, F. M., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1993). "Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis following in vitro and in vivo exposures." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(3): 269-77. Pubmed ID=8299005
Creasy, W. R., M. D. Brickhouse, et al. (1999). "Analysis of chemical weapons decontamination waste from old ton containers from Johnston Atoll using multiple analytical methods." Environ Sci Technol 33: 2157-2162.
Creasy, W. R., J. R. Stuff, et al. (1997). "Identification of chemical-weapons-related compounds in decontamination solutions and other matrices by multiple chromatographic techniques." J Chromatogr 774: 253-263.
Currie, D. J., R. D. Weaver, et al. (1977). "Disposal of WW II mustard gas hydrolysate by burning." Proc Annu Meet Air Pollut Control Assoc 70: 1-11.
D'Agostino, P. A., C. L. Chenier, et al. (2007). "Desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of chemical warfare agents from solid-phase microextraction fibers." Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21(4): 543-549. Pubmed ID=17252620
D'Agostino, P. A., J. R. Hancock, et al. (2003). "Mass spectrometric analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products in soil and synthetic samples." Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester, Eng) 9(6): 609-18. Pubmed ID=15100471
D'Agostino, P. A., J. R. Hancock, et al. (2004). "Packed capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (tandem) mass spectrometry of mustard hydrolysis products in soil." J Chromatogr A 1058(1-2): 97-105. Pubmed ID=15595656
D'Agostino PA, P. L., Hansen AS (1989). "Identification of mustard related compounds in aqueous samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry." Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 18: 484-491.
D'Agostino, P. A. and L. R. Provost (1988). "Capillary column isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry of mustard and related compounds." Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 15(10): 553-64. Pubmed ID=3408824
D'Agostino, P. A. and L. R. Provost (1988). "Gas chromatographic retention indices of sulfur vesicants and related compounds." J Chromatogr 436(3): 399-411. Pubmed ID=3360883
D'Agostino, P. A. and L. R. Provost (1992). "Determination of chemical warfare agents, their hydrolysis products and related compounds in soil." J Chromatogr 589: 287-294.
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Daly, J. D., M. O'Hehir C, et al. (2006). "A sensitive method for quantitation of beta-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard as 1,1'-sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] (SBMTE) in human urine by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-positive ion-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. Pubmed ID=17161028
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