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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Countermeasures against vesicating agents
Featured Publications From Our Center:
Chen M, Tong W, Welsh W, and Georgopoulos PG. 2006. Gene expression profiles of rodent pulmonary tissue following sulfur mustard exposure using ArrayTrack. [poster]
Shakarjian MP, Bhatt P, Gordon MK, Chang YC, Casbohm SL, Rudge TL, Kiser RC, Sabourin CL, Casillas RP, Ohman-Strickland P, Riley DJ, Gerecke DR. 2006. Preferential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mouse skin after sulfur mustard exposure. J Appl Toxicol, 26: 239-246. [abstract]
Gerecke DR, Sabourin CLK, Bhatt P, Rudge Jr TL, Casillas RP, Kiser RC, Casbohm SL, Riley DJ, Ohman-Strickland P, Ajibade DV, and Shakarjian MP. 2004. Laminin 5 and Gelatinase alterations in mouse skin following sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Proceedings of Bioscience Review, 211: 1-12. [pdf]
General Publications:
Abramowicz, M. (2002). "Prevention and treatment of injufry from chemical warfare agents." The Medical Letter: On drugs and therapeutics 44(1121): 1-4.
Amir, A., S. Chapman, et al. (1998). "Protection by extracellular glutathione against sulfur mustard induced toxicity in vitro." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(12): 652-60. Pubmed=9988369
Amir, A., J. Turetz, et al. (2004). Evaluation of Protease Inhibitors in Sulfur Mustard Ocular Injuries. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1079
Amir, A., J. Turetz, et al. (2000). "Beneficial effects of topical anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced ocular lesions in rabbits." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S109-14. Pubmed=11428620
Amitai, G., R. Adani, et al. (2005). "Bifunctional compounds eliciting anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activity as potential treatment of nerve and blister chemical agents poisoning." Chem Biol Interact 157-158: 361-2. Pubmed=16498717
Anderson, D. R., S. L. Byers, et al. (2000). "Treatment of sulfur mustard (HD)-induced lung injury." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S129-32. Pubmed=11428623
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by glutathione esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 387-95. Pubmed=9726535
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 373-9. Pubmed=9726533
Angelov, A., L. Belchev, et al. (1996). "Experimental sulfur mustard gas poisoning and protective effect of different medicines in rats and rabbits." Indian Vet J 73: 546-551.
Atkins, K. B., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (2000). "N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S125-8. Pubmed=11428622
Balali-Mood, M. and M. Hefazi (2005). "The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning." Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19(3): 297-315. Pubmed=15910653
Ballantyne, B. (1986). "Intramuscular prednisolone pretreatment does not influence the dermal lesions induced by topical sulfur mustard." Vet Hum Toxicol 28(3): 204-6. Pubmed=3727348
Bhattacharya, R., P. V. Rao, et al. (2001). "Protective effects of amifostine and its analogues on sulfur mustard toxicity in vitro and in vivo." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 176(1): 24-33. Pubmed=11578146
Bide, R. W., T. W. Sawyer, et al. (1993). Skin decontamination of G, V, H & L agents by Canadian reactive skin decontamination lotion. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Blaha, M., W. Bowers, Jr., et al. (2000). "Il-1-related cytokine responses of nonimmune skin cells subjected to CEES exposure with and without potential vesicant antagonists." In Vitr Mol Toxicol 13(2): 99-111. Pubmed=11031321
Bobb, A. J., D. P. Arfsten, et al. (2005). "N-acetyl-L-cysteine as prophylaxis against sulfur mustard." Mil Med 170(1): 52-6. Pubmed=15724855
Braue, E. H., Jr. (1999). "Development of a reactive topical skin protectant." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S47-53. Pubmed=10594901
Brodsky, B., S. Trivedi, et al. (2006). "Early effects of iodine on DNA synthesis in sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions." Arch Toxicol 80(4): 212-6. Pubmed=16252085
Byers, C., E. Holloway, et al. (2004). Pharmacokinetics of British anti-lewisite in hairless guinea pigs. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1087
Byers, C. E., E. R. Holloway, et al. (2004). "Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of british anti-lewisite in plasma." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 384-9. Pubmed=15239860
Cai, Y., Q. Ma, et al. (2004). "[Therapeutic effects of rhEPO, rhG-CSF on sulfur mustard induced toxicity in dogs]." Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 33(6): 649-51. Pubmed=15727166
Calvet, J. H., A. Coste, et al. (1996). "Airway epithelial damage induced by sulfur mustard in guinea pigs, effects of glucocorticoids." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(12): 964-71. Pubmed=8981100
Calvet, J. H., M. P. D'Ortho, et al. (1994). "Glucocorticoids inhibit sulfur mustard-induced airway muscle hyperresponsiveness to substance P." J Appl Physiol 77(5): 2325-32. Pubmed=7532648
Casbohm, S. L., J. V. Rogers, et al. (2004). Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1075
Casbohm, S. L., J. V. Rogers, et al. (2004). "Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard." Toxicology 204(2-3): 229-39. Pubmed=15388249
Casillas, R. P., K. J. Smith, et al. (1996). Effect of topically applied drugs against HD-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear edema model. Med Def Bioscience Rev,
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Chakrabarti, A. K. and P. Ray (2000). "Novel endogenous inhibitor of sulfur mustard-stimulated protease in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes: possible application in vesicant intervention." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S59-61. Pubmed=11428644
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2002). "Evaluation of barrier creams against sulphur mustard. I. In vitro studies using human skin." Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 15(4): 225-35. Pubmed=12218284
Clayson, E. T., S. A. Kelly, et al. (1993). "Effects of specific inhibitors of cellular functions on sulfur mustard-induced cell death." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(2): 165-75. Pubmed=8242432
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (2003). "Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures." J Appl Toxicol 23(3): 177-86. Pubmed=12794939
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (1992). "Inhibition of sulfur mustard-increased protease activity by niacinamide, N-acetyl-L-cysteine or dexamethasone." Cell Biol Toxicol 8(2): 129-38. Pubmed=1422923
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (1998). "Sulfur mustard exposure enhances Fc receptor expression on human epidermal keratinocytes in cell culture: implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures." Cell Biol Toxicol 14(4): 261-6. Pubmed=9733281
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (2000). "Exposure of human epidermal keratinocyte cell cultures to sulfur mustard promotes binding of complement C1q: implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S77-80. Pubmed=11428648
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (2002). "Suppression of sulfur mustard-increased IL-8 in human keratinocyte cell cultures by serine protease inhibitors: implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures." Cell Biol Toxicol 18(3): 175-80. Pubmed=12083423
Cowan, F. M., W. J. Smith, et al. (2004). Sulfur mustard- and phosgene- increased IL-8 in human small airway cell cultures: Implications for medical countermeasures against inhalation toxicity. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1073
Creasy, W. R., J. R. Stuff, et al. (1997). "Identification of chemical-weapons-related compounds in decontamination solutions and other matrices by multiple chromatographic techniques." J Chromatogr 774: 253-263.
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2002). "Potential anti-inflammatory treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard injury using the mouse ear vesicant model." Hum Exp Toxicol 21(4): 197-203. Pubmed=12099621
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2004). "Amelioration of sulfur mustard skin injury following a topical treatment with a mixture of a steroid and a NSAID." J Appl Toxicol 24(2): 107-13. Pubmed=15052605
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2004). Treating HD cutaneous injury with anti-inflammatory drugs – Summing up and future prospects. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1059
Dillman III, J. F., L. M. Dorsch, et al. (2004). Genomic Analysis of the Mechanism of Action of Potential Vesicant Countermeasures. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1090
DOA (1985). Protection against the acute and delayed toxicity of mustards and mustard-like compounds: Annual report. Frederick, MD, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Department of the Army. AD-A182 468.
Doebler, J. A. (2002). Blockade of sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in vitro. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, . U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division.
Doebler, J. A. (2003). "Blockade of sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes with the purinergic receptor antagonist suramin." Vet Hum Toxicol 45(1): 14-7. Pubmed=12583689
Dreisbach, R. H. and W. O. Robertson (1987). Handbook of poisoning: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Norwalk, CT, Appleton and Lange.
Evison, D., R. F. Brown, et al. (2006). "The treatment of sulphur mustard burns with laser debridement." J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(10): 1087-93. Pubmed=16996434
Flader, C., J. Liu, et al. (2000). "Development of novel quinone phosphorodiamidate prodrugs targeted to DT-diaphorase." J Med Chem 43(16): 3157-67. Pubmed=10956224
Fong, J. (1953). "Sulfur mustard-inactivated influenza virus as interfering agent." J Immunol 71(4): 241-5. Pubmed=13096765
Gray, P., K. Lewis, et al. (1994). "Modulation of mustard toxicity by tacrine." Biochem Pharmacol 47(3): 581-3. Pubmed=8117327
Gross, C. L., K. C. Giles, et al. (1997). "L-oxothiazolidine 4-carboxylate pretreatment of isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes reduces sulfur mustard cytotoxicity." Cell Biol Toxicol 13(3): 167-73. Pubmed=9088626
Gross, C. L., J. K. Innace, et al. (1993). "Biochemical manipulation of intracellular glutathione levels influences cytotoxicity to isolated human lymphocytes by sulfur mustard." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(3): 259-67. Pubmed=8299004
Gross, C. L., E. W. Nealley, et al. (2006). "Pretreatment of human epidermal keratinocytes with D,L-sulforaphane protects against sulfur mustard cytotoxicity." Cutan Ocul Toxicol 25(3): 155-63. Pubmed=16980241
Gross, C. L. and W. J. Smith (1993). Pretreatment of isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes with L-oxothiazolidine 4-carboxylate reduces sulfur mustard cytotoxicity. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Guignabert, C., L. Taysse, et al. (2005). "Effect of doxycycline on sulfur mustard-induced respiratory lesions in guinea pigs." Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289(1): L67-74. Pubmed=15778244
Han, S., L. A. Espinoza, et al. (2004). "Protection by antioxidants against toxicity and apoptosis induced by the sulphur mustard analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in Jurkat T cells and normal human lymphocytes." Br J Pharmacol 141(5): 795-802. Pubmed=14769780
Hart, B. W. and J. J. Schlager (1997). "Okadaic acid and calyculin a reverse sulfur mustard-induced G 2 /M cell-cycle block in human keratinocytes." J Am Coll Toxicol 15(Suppl. 2): S36-S42.
Jin, X., R. Ray, et al. (2004). Studies on mustard-stimulated proteases and inhibitors in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK): Development of antivesicant drugs. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1095
Kadar, T., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2000). "Treatment of skin injuries induced by sulfur mustard with calmodulin antagonists, using the pig model." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S133-6. Pubmed=11428625
Kadar, T., E. Fishbine, et al. (2003). "A topical skin protectant against chemical warfare agents." Isr Med Assoc J 5(10): 717-9. Pubmed=14719467
Kiser, R. C., D. M. Moore, et al. (2004). Combination treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard exposure in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1097
Kiser, R. C., D. M. Moore, et al. (2004). Toxicity of Candidate Antivesicant Compounds. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1098
Kjellstrom, B. T., J. K. Persson, et al. (1997). "Surgical treatment of skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard ("mustard gas")--an experimental study in the guinea pig." Ann Acad Med Singapore 26(1): 30-6. Pubmed=9140575
Knezevic, D. L. and V. Tadic (1996). "[Radioprotective agents in the decontamination of rats poisoned with percutaneously administered mustard gas]." Vojnosanit Pregl 53(5): 373-6. Pubmed=9229954
Koper, O., E. Lucas, et al. (1999). "Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S59-70. Pubmed=10594903
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Kulkarni, A. S., R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (2006). "Evaluation of analogues of DRDE-07 as prophylactic agents against the lethality and toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous route." J Appl Toxicol 26(2): 115-25. Pubmed=16421877
Kumar, O., K. Sugendran, et al. (2001). "Protective effect of various antioxidants on the toxicity of sulphur mustard administered to mice by inhalation or percutaneous routes." Chem Biol Interact 134(1): 1-12. Pubmed=11248218
Kumar, P., U. S. Sharma, et al. (1991). "Study of the efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller's Earth Combination as a decontaminant against sulphur mustard (Mustard Gas) dermal intoxication in mice." Def Sci J 41(4): 363-366.
Kumar, P., R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (2002). "In vivo protection by amifostine and DRDE-07 against sulphur mustard toxicity." Hum Exp Toxicol 21(7): 371-6. Pubmed=12269699
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Lal, J., V. Kumar, et al. (2002). "LC determination of a sulphur mustard decontaminant CC-2 in rat serum." J Pharm Biomed Anal 29(4): 609-15. Pubmed=12093489
Langford, A. M., M. J. Hobbs, et al. (1996). "The effect of sulphur mustard on glutathione levels in rat lung slices and the influence of treatment with arylthiols and cysteine esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(8): 619-24. Pubmed=8863055
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Lindsay, C. D. and J. L. Hambrook (1997). "Protection of A549 cells against the toxic effects of sulphur mustard by hexamethylenetetramine." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(2): 106-14. Pubmed=9051415
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Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1997). "Monoisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(11): 636-44. Pubmed=9426364
Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1996). "Histological assessment of the effects of the percutaneous exposure of sulfur mustard in an in vitro human skin system and the therapeutic properties of the protease inhibitors." Med Def Biosci Rev 2: 899-908.
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Mazumder, P. K., K. Sugendran, et al. (1998). "Protective efficacy of calcium channel blockers in sulphur mustard poisoning." Biomed Environ Sci 11(4): 363-9. Pubmed=10095934
Meier, H. L. and C. B. Millard (1998). "Alterations in human lymphocyte DNA caused by sulfur mustard can be mitigated by selective inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase." Biochim Biophys Acta 1404(3): 367-76. Pubmed=9739165
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Mol, M. A. E., R. M. van den Berg, et al. (2004). Therapeutic relevance of inhibitors of MMPs or of caspases in HD-induced injury in the ex vivo human skin model. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1103
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Nicholson, J. D., F. M. Cowan, et al. (2004). Doxycycline and HBED iron chelator decrease IL-8 production by sulfur mustard exposed human keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1105
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Smith, M. G. (2004). The mustard consortium’s elucidation of the pathophysiology of sulfur mustard and antidote development. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1114
Smith, W. J. (2004). Development of an Antivesicant Medical Countermeasure – From Basic Research Through Transition. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1070
Snider, T. H., R. J. Jarvis, et al. (2004). Assessment of personal skin decontaminants against topical challenges with sulfur mustard. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1115
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Ternay Jr., A. L., P. Kikilo, et al. (2004). The Preparation of Novel Organosulfur Compounds for Evaluation as Anti-Vesicants. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID 1119
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Vijayaraghavan, R., P. Kumar, et al. (2001). "Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity." Toxicology 163(2-3): 83-91. Pubmed=11516517
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Wormser, U., B. Brodsky, et al. (2005). "Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sulfur mustard-induced skin lesion; effect of topical iodine." Arch Toxicol 79(11): 660-70. Pubmed=16001271
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Wormser, U., B. Brodsky, et al. (2002). "Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects." Arch Toxicol 76(9): 517-22. Pubmed=12242609
Wormser, U., A. Sintov, et al. (2004). "Protective effect of topical iodine containing anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions." Arch Toxicol 78(3): 156-66. Pubmed=14618300
Wormser, U., A. Sintov, et al. (2000). "Topical iodine preparation as therapy against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 169(1): 33-9. Pubmed=11076694
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