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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
In vitro studies on sulfur mustard toxicity
Amir, A., S. Chapman, et al. (2000). "Sulfur mustard toxicity in macrophages: effect of dexamethasone." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S51-8. Pubmed ID=11428643
Amir, A., S. Dachir, et al. (2004). The corneal epithelium in sulfur mustard ocular injury-In vitro and ex vivo studies. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1080
Amir, A., J. Turetz, et al. (2004). Evaluation of Protease Inhibitors in Sulfur Mustard Ocular Injuries. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1079
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by glutathione esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 387-95. Pubmed ID=9726535
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 373-9. Pubmed ID=9726533
Arroyo, C. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (2001). "The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human sulfur mustard (HD) toxicology." Int J Toxicol 20(5): 281-96. Pubmed ID=11766126
Arroyo, C. M., D. L. Burman, et al. (2004). "TNF-alpha expression patterns as potential molecular biomarker for human skin cells exposed to vesicant chemical warfare agents: sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L)." Cell Biol Toxicol 20(6): 345-59. Pubmed ID=15868479
Arroyo, C. M., D. L. Burman, et al. (2004). Neutralization effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) antibodies on sulfur mustard (HD)-induced IL-6 secretion on human epidermal keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1082
Ashby, J., H. Tinwell, et al. (1991). "Genetic activity of the human carcinogen sulphur mustard towards Salmonella and the mouse bone marrow." Mutat Res 257(3): 307-11. Pubmed ID=2014034
Atkins, K. B., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (2000). "N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S125-8. Pubmed ID=11428622
Ball, C. R. and J. J. Roberts (1970). "DNA repair after mustard gas alkylation by sensitive and resistant Yoshida sarcoma cells in vitro." Chem Biol Interact 2(4): 321-9. Pubmed ID=5526768
Banks, T. E., J. C. Boursnell, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 4. Their action on proteins (studied with the aid of radioactive sulphur)." Biochem J 40(5-6): 745-56. Pubmed ID=16748082
Bhat, K. R. (2004). Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase is involved in the repair of DNA damage due to sulfur mustard by a mechanism other than DNA ligase I activation. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1084
Bhat, K. R., B. J. Benton, et al. (2006). "Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is essential for sulfur mustard-induced DNA damage repair, but has no role in DNA ligase activation." J Appl Toxicol 26(5): 452-7. Pubmed ID=16906506
Blaha, M., W. Bowers, Jr., et al. (2000). "Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S101-8. Pubmed ID=11428619
Bodell, W. J., M. Gerosa, et al. (1985). "Investigation of resistance to DNA cross-linking agents in 9L cell lines with different sensitivities to chloroethylnitrosoureas." Cancer Res 45(8): 3460-4. Pubmed ID=3860285
Brookes, P. and P. D. Lawley (1963). "Effects of alkylating agents on T2 and T4 bacteriophages." Biochem J 89: 138-44. Pubmed ID=14100794
Brookes, P. and P. D. Lawley (1963). "Evidence for the action of alkylating agents on deoxyribonucleic acid." Exp Cell Res 24: SUPPL9:521-4. Pubmed ID=14046251
Butler, J. A., L. A. Gilbert, et al. (1950). "Radiomimetic action of sulphur and nitrogen "mustards" on deoxyribonucleic acid." Nature 165(4201): 714-6. Pubmed ID=15416796
Byrne, M. P., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (1996). "Mustard gas crosslinking of proteins through preferential alkylation of cysteines." J Protein Chem 15(2): 131-6. Pubmed ID=8924198
Calvet, J. H., J. P. Gascard, et al. (1999). "Airway epithelial damage and release of inflammatory mediators in human lung parenchyma after sulfur mustard exposure." Hum Exp Toxicol 18(2): 77-81. Pubmed ID=10100019
Capacio, B. R., J. R. Smith, et al. (2004). "Monitoring sulfur mustard exposure by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of thiodiglycol cleaved from blood proteins." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 306-10. Pubmed ID=15239847
Capizzi, R. L., W. P. Summers, et al. (1973). "Use of the asparagine auxotroph of the L5178Y murine leukemia for the detection of chemical mutagens in vitro and in the host-mediated assay." Environ Health Perspect 6: 137-43. Pubmed ID=4360721
Carr, F. J. and B. W. Fox (1982). "The effects of bifunctional alkylating agents on DNA synthesis in sensitive and resistant Yoshida cells." Mutat Res 95(2-3): 441-56. Pubmed ID=7121494
Chakrabarti, A. K. and P. Ray (2000). "Novel endogenous inhibitor of sulfur mustard-stimulated protease in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes: possible application in vesicant intervention." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S59-61. Pubmed ID=11428644
Chakrabarti, A. K., P. Ray, et al. (1998). "Purification and characterization of protease activated by sulfur mustard in normal human epidermal keratinocytes." Biochem Pharmacol 56(4): 467-72. Pubmed ID=9763222
Chevillard, M., P. Lainee, et al. (1992). "Toxic effects of sulfur mustard on respiratory epithelial cells in culture." Cell Biol Toxicol 8(2): 171-81. Pubmed ID=1422926
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2000). "Human skin absorption of Bis-2-(chloroethyl)sulphide (sulphur mustard) in vitro." J Appl Toxicol 20(5): 349-55. Pubmed ID=11139165
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2001). "In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin." J Appl Toxicol 21(4): 279-83. Pubmed ID=11481660
Clark, C. R., J. R. Smith, et al. (1999). "Development of an in vitro screening method for evaluating decontamination of sulfur mustard by reactive dermal formulations." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S77-81. Pubmed ID=10594905
Clark, E. and W. J. Smith (1993). Activation of poly (ADP-RIBOSE) polymerase by sulfur mustard in hela cell cultures. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Clayson, E. T., S. A. Kelly, et al. (1993). "Effects of specific inhibitors of cellular functions on sulfur mustard-induced cell death." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(2): 165-75. Pubmed ID=8242432
Cook, J. R. and R. G. Van Buskirk (1997). "A double-label technique that monitors sulfur mustard damage to nuclei and mitochondria of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro." Toxicol Pathol 25(5): 481-6. Pubmed ID=9323838
Cowan, F. M., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1993). Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis following in vitro and in vivo exposures. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Cowan, F. M., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1993). "Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis following in vitro and in vivo exposures." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(3): 269-77. Pubmed ID=8299005
Crathorn, A. R. and J. J. Roberts (1965). "Reactions of cultured mammalian cells of varying radiosensitivity with the radiomimetic alkylating agent, mustard gas." Prog Biochem Pharmacol 1: 320-326.
Crathorn, A. R. and J. J. Roberts (1966). "Mechanism of the cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in mammalian cells and evidence for the removal of alkylated groups from deoxyribonucleic acid." Nature 211(5045): 150-3. Pubmed ID=5965513
Detheux, M., H. Jijakli, et al. (1997). "Effect of sulphur mustard on the expression of urokinase in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts." Arch Toxicol 71(4): 243-9. Pubmed ID=9101041
Doebler, J. A. (2002). Blockade of sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in vitro. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, . U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Neurotoxicology Branch, Pharmacology Division.
Emison, E. S. and W. J. Smith (1997). "Cytometric analysis of DNA damage in cultured human epithelial cells after exposure to sulfur mustard." J Am Coll Toxicol 15: S9-S18.
Fuscoe, J. C., J. P. O'Neill, et al. (1979). "Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of nineteen heterocyclic mustards (ICR compounds) in cultured mammalian cells." Cancer Res 39(12): 4875-81. Pubmed ID=91429
Giuliani, I., E. Boivieux-Ulrich, et al. (1994). "Toxic effects of mechlorethamine on mammalian respiratory mucociliary epithelium in primary culture." Cell Biol Toxicol 10(4): 231-46. Pubmed ID=7895152
Goldstein, L. S. (1984). "Use of in vitro technique to detect mutations induced by antineoplastic drugs in mouse germ cells." Cancer Treat Rep 68: 855-856.
Gross, C. L., O. E. Clark, et al. (2004). Lysis of adherent human epidermal keratinocytes in situ by a Misonix® Tissue Culture Plate Sonicator. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1093
Gross, C. L., E. W. Nealley, et al. (2006). "Pretreatment of human epidermal keratinocytes with D,L-sulforaphane protects against sulfur mustard cytotoxicity." Cutan Ocul Toxicol 25(3): 155-63. Pubmed ID=16980241
Han, S., L. A. Espinoza, et al. (2004). "Protection by antioxidants against toxicity and apoptosis induced by the sulphur mustard analog 2-chloroethylethyl sulphide (CEES) in Jurkat T cells and normal human lymphocytes." Br J Pharmacol 141(5): 795-802. Pubmed ID=14769780
Harold, F. M. and Z. Z. Ziporin (1958). "Effect of nitrogen and sulfur mustard on nucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli." Biochim Biophys Acta 28(3): 482-91. Pubmed ID=13560397
Harold, F. M. and Z. Z. Ziporin (1958). "The relationship between the synthesis of DNA and protein in Escherichia coli treated with sulfur mustard." Biochim Biophys Acta 28(3): 492-503. Pubmed ID=13560398
Hemminki, K., S. Kallama, et al. (1983). "Correlations of alkylating activating and mutagenicity in bacteria of cytostatic drugs." Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 53: 421-428.
Henemyre-Harris, C. L., K. Newkirk, et al. (2004). An in vitro wound healing model to screen pharmacological interventions for the effective treatment of cutaneous sulfur mstard injuries. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1060
Higuchi, K., A. Kajiki, et al. (1988). "Proteases released in organ culture by acute dermal inflammatory lesions produced in vivo in rabbit skin by sulfur mustard: hydrolysis of synthetic peptide substrates for trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes." Inflammation 12(4): 311-34. Pubmed ID=3049342
Hinshaw, D. B., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (1999). "Activation of poly [ADP-Ribose] polymerase in endothelial cells and keratinocytes: role in an in vitro model of sulfur mustard-mediated vesication." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 156(1): 17-29. Pubmed ID=10101095
Ichinotsubo, D., H. F. Mower, et al. (1977). "The use of rec-bacteria for testing of carcinogenic substances." Mutat Res 46: 53-61.
Jin, X., R. Ray, et al. (2004). Studies on mustard-stimulated proteases and inhibitors in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK): Development of antivesicant drugs. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1095
Kamath, P., S. Greenberg, et al. (2004). Characterization of the Initial Response of Bioengineered Human Skin To Sulfur Mustard: The Role of Basement Membrane. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1091
Kehe, K., M. I. Hermanns, et al. (2004). An in vitro human Alveolar co-culture model – Effects of sulfur mustard. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1054
King, J. R. and N. A. Monteiro-Riviere (1990). "Cutaneous toxicity of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide in isolated perfused porcine skin." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 104(1): 167-79. Pubmed ID=2360206
Kurt, E., R. J. Schafer, et al. (1998). "Effects of sulfur mustard on cytokines released from cultured human epidermal keratinocytes." Int J Toxicol 17: 223-229.
Langford, A. M., M. J. Hobbs, et al. (1996). "The effect of sulphur mustard on glutathione levels in rat lung slices and the influence of treatment with arylthiols and cysteine esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(8): 619-24. Pubmed ID=8863055
Lanks, K. W., J. D. Turnbull, et al. (1975). "Sulfur mustards induce neurite extension and acetylcholinesterase synthesis in cultured neuroblastoma cells." Exp Cell Res 93(2): 355-62. Pubmed ID=1157827
Lardot, C., V. Dubois, et al. (1999). "Sulfur mustard upregulates the expression of interleukin-8 in cultured human keratinocytes." Toxicol Lett 110(1-2): 29-33. Pubmed ID=10593592
Levitt, J. M., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (2003). "Low-dose sulfur mustard primes oxidative function and induces apoptosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes." Int Immunopharmacol 3(5): 747-56. Pubmed ID=12757743
Lin, P., I. A. Bernstein, et al. (1994). "Failure to observe a relationship between bis-(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide-induced NAD depletion and cytotoxicity in the rat keratinocyte culture." J Toxicol Environ Health 42(4): 393-405. Pubmed ID=8051714
Lin, P. P., I. A. Bernstein, et al. (1996). "Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) disturbs the progression of rat keratinocytes through the cell cycle." Toxicol Lett 84(1): 23-32. Pubmed ID=8597174
Lindsay, C. D. and J. L. Hambrook (1997). "Protection of A549 cells against the toxic effects of sulphur mustard by hexamethylenetetramine." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(2): 106-14. Pubmed ID=9051415
Lindsay, C. D. and J. L. Hambrook (1998). "Diisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(11): 606-12. Pubmed ID=9865417
Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1997). "Monoisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(11): 636-44. Pubmed ID=9426364
Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1996). "Histological assessment of the effects of the percutaneous exposure of sulfur mustard in an in vitro human skin system and the therapeutic properties of the protease inhibitors." Med Def Biosci Rev 2: 899-908.
Lindsay, C. D. and P. Rice (1996). "Assessment of the biochemical effects of percutaneous exposure of sulphur mustard in an in vitro human skin system." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(3): 237-44. Pubmed ID=8839212
Lindsay, C. D. and D. G. Upshall (1995). "The generation of a human dermal equivalent to assess the potential contribution of human dermal fibroblasts to the sulphur mustard-induced vesication response." Hum Exp Toxicol 14(7): 580-6. Pubmed ID=7576818
Martens, M. E. (1997). "In vitro studies of glucose metabolism in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to sulfur mustard." J Am Coll Toxicol 15(Suppl. 2): S19-S31.
Matijasevic, Z., A. Stering, et al. (1996). "Toxicity of sulfur mustard for human fibroblasts grown in cell culture." Med Def Biosci Rev 2: 635-50.
Mauro, F. and M. M. Elkind (1968). "Comparison of repair of sublethal damage in cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to sulfur mustard and x-rays." Cancer Res 28(6): 1156-61. Pubmed ID=5661065
Mauro, F. and M. M. Elkind (1968). "Differences in survival variations during the growth cycle of cultured Chinese hamster cells treated with sulfur mustard and x-rays." Cancer Res 28(6): 1150-5. Pubmed ID=5658444
Mauro, F., M. M. Elkind, et al. (1968). "Comparison of survival kinetics and modifications of lethal damage in cultured Chinese hamster cells exposed to sulfur mustard and x-rays." Cancer Res 28(6): 1143-9. Pubmed ID=5658443
Mershon, M. M., L. W. Mitcheltree, et al. (1990). "Hairless guinea pig bioassay model for vesicant vapor exposures." Fundam Appl Toxicol 15(3): 622-30. Pubmed ID=2258024
Minsavage, G. D. and J. F. Dillman Iii (2007). "Bifunctional alkylating agent-induced p53 and nonclassical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-{kappa}B) responses and cell death are altered by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): A potential role for antioxidant/electrophilic response element (ARE/EpRE) signaling." J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Pubmed ID=17204746
Mol, M. A., A. M. van de Ruit, et al. (1989). "NAD+ levels and glucose uptake of cultured human epidermal cells exposed to sulfur mustard." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 98(1): 159-65. Pubmed ID=2522691
Mol, M. A., G. P. van der Schans, et al. (1993). "Quantification of sulfur mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-links and single-strand breaks in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes." Mutat Res 294(3): 235-45. Pubmed ID=7692263
Mol, M. A. E., R. M. van den Berg, et al. (2004). Therapeutic relevance of inhibitors of MMPs or of caspases in HD-induced injury in the ex vivo human skin model. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1103
Mol, M. A. E., R. M. van den Berg, et al. (2004). Sulfur mustard causes caspase-mediated cleavage of cytoskeletal keratins. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1102
Mol, M. E., R. de Vries, et al. (1991). "Effects of nicotinamide on biochemical changes and microblistering induced by sulfur mustard in human skin organ cultures." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 107(3): 439-49. Pubmed ID=1825735
Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. and A. O. Inman (1995). "Indirect immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy distribution of eight epidermal-dermal junction epitopes in the pig and in isolated perfused skin treated with bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide." Toxicol Pathol 23(3): 313-25. Pubmed ID=7544906
Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. and A. O. Inman (1997). "Ultrastructural characterization of sulfur mustard-induced vesication in isolated perfused porcine skin." Microsc Res Tech 37(3): 229-41. Pubmed ID=9144635
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Nicholson, J. D., F. M. Cowan, et al. (2004). Doxycycline and HBED iron chelator decrease IL-8 production by sulfur mustard exposed human keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1105
Niu, T., Z. Matijasevic, et al. (1996). "A 32P-postlabeling method for the detection of adducts in the DNA of human fibroblasts exposed to sulfur mustard." Chem Biol Interact 100(1): 77-84. Pubmed ID=8599857
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Pu, Y., P. Lin, et al. (1995). "Appearance of interleukin 1 alpha relates DNA interstrand cross-links and cytotoxicity in cultured human keratinocytes exposed to bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide." J Appl Toxicol 15(6): 477-82. Pubmed ID=8603935
Qabar, A., M. Nelson, et al. (2004). Expression of human IL-10 suppresses sulfur mustard-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in normal human epidermal keratinocytes1. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1108
Ray, R., S. Hauck, et al. (2004). A convenient fluorometric method to study sulfur mustard-induced apoptosis In human epidermal keratinocytes monolayer microplate culture. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1109
Ray, R., S. Hauck, et al. (2005). "A convenient fluorometric method to study sulfur mustard-induced apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes monolayer microplate culture." Drug Chem Toxicol 28(1): 105-16. Pubmed ID=15720039
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Smith, W. J., K. M. Sanders, et al. (1993). Cytometric analysis of DNA changes induced by sulfur mustard. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
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