*NEW* - Now you can search our entire library online, including many references not available on PubMed. Just click here.
The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Metabolism
Anderson, D. R., S. L. Byers, et al. (1997). "Biochemical alterations in rat lung lavage fluid following acute sulfur mustard inhalation." Inhal Toxicol 9: 43-51.
Andrzejewski, S. and J. Scianowski (1978). "[Toxic effect of sulfur yperite on selected rat internal organs and a histoautoradiographic assay of its distribution in internal organs damaged previously with sulfur yperite]." Patol Pol 29(1): 51-60. Pubmed ID=662424
Ashby, J., H. Tinwell, et al. (1991). "Genetic activity of the human carcinogen sulphur mustard towards Salmonella and the mouse bone marrow." Mutat Res 257(3): 307-11. Pubmed ID=2014034
Ball, C. R. and J. J. Roberts (1970). "DNA repair after mustard gas alkylation by sensitive and resistant Yoshida sarcoma cells in vitro." Chem Biol Interact 2(4): 321-9. Pubmed ID=5526768
Ball, C. R. and J. J. Roberts (1971). "Estimation of interstrand DNA cross-linking resulting from mustard gas alkylation of HeLa cells." Chem Biol Interact 4: 297-303.
Bhat, S., S. Gulati, et al. (2004). The role of glutathione depletion and oxidative stress in mustard toxicity: A review. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1085
Black, R. M., K. Brewster, et al. (1992). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane): isolation and identification of urinary metabolites following intraperitoneal administration to rat." Xenobiotica 22(4): 405-18. Pubmed ID=1523861
Black, R. M., R. J. Clarke, et al. (1997). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard: identification of valine and histidine adducts in haemoglobin from casualties of sulphur mustard poisoning." Xenobiotica 27(5): 499-512. Pubmed ID=9179990
Black, R. M., R. J. Clarke, et al. (1991). "Analysis of 1,1'-sulphonylbis[2-(methylsulphinyl)ethane] and 1-methylsulphinyl-2-[2-(methylthio)ethylsulphonyl]ethane, metabolites of sulphur mustard, in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." J Chromatogr 558(2): 405-14. Pubmed ID=1797814
Black, R. M., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1992). "Biological fate of sulfur mustard, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane). Urinary excretion profiles of hydrolysis products and beta-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard after cutaneous application in rats." J Anal Toxicol 16(2): 79-84. Pubmed ID=1501468
Black, R. M., J. M. Harrison, et al. (1997). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard: in vitro alkylation of human haemoglobin by sulphur mustard." Xenobiotica 27(1): 11-32. Pubmed ID=9041676
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (1995). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane): identification of beta-lyase metabolites and hydrolysis products in human urine." Xenobiotica 25(2): 167-73. Pubmed ID=7618344
Black, R. M. and R. W. Read (2004). Urinary metabolites of sulfur mustard derived from the beta-lyase and mercapturic acid pathways as indicators of exposure. Proceedings on the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1071
Blank, J. A., R. L. Joiner, et al. (1991). "Comparative immunotoxicity of 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide and cyclophosphamide: evaluation of L1210 tumor cell resistance, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity." Int J Immunopharmacol 13(2-3): 251-7. Pubmed ID=2071298
Borges, H. T., R. A. Faust, et al. (1996). "Preliminary data analysis and derivation of an estimated reference dose (RfD) for sulfur mustard (HD)." Toxicologist 30(1 Part 2): 149.
Boursnell, J. C., J. A. Cohen, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 5. The fate of injected mustard gas (containing radioactive sulphur) in the animal body." Biochem J 40(5-6): 756-64. Pubmed ID=16748083
Boursnell, J. C., G. E. Francis, et al. (1946). "Studies on mustard gas (betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) and some related compounds: 6. The fate of injected betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphone and betabeta'-dichlorodiethyl sulphoxide (containing radioactive sulphur) in the animal body." Biochem J 40(5-6): 765-8. Pubmed ID=16748084
Boyer, A. E., D. Ash, et al. (2004). "Quantitation of the sulfur mustard metabolites 1,1'-sulfonylbis[2-(methylthio)ethane] and thiodiglycol in urine using isotope-dilution Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 327-32. Pubmed ID=15239851
Brimfield, A. A. (1995). "Possible protein phosphatase inhibition by bis(hydroxyethyl)sulfide, a hydrolysis product of mustard gas." Toxicol Lett 78(1): 43-8. Pubmed ID=7604398
Brimfield, A. A. (2004). Sulfur mustard: searching for the primary biochemical lesion. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1068
Brimfield, A. A. and M. J. Novak (2004). Thiodiglycol metabolism by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase using NMR: synthetic route to the metabolic intermediate hydroxyethylthio acetaldehyde via the cyclic 1,4-oxathian-2-Ol. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counter ID1086/html
Brimfield, A. A., M. J. Novak, et al. (2006). "Thiodiglycol, the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard: analysis of in vitro biotransformation by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases using nuclear magnetic resonance." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 213(3): 207-15. Pubmed ID=16417912
Brimfield, A. A., L. M. Zweig, et al. (1998). "In vitro oxidation of the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard, 2,2'-thiobis-ethanol, by mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase." J Biochem Mol Toxicol 12(6): 361-9. Pubmed ID=9736485
Brookes, P. and P. D. Lawley (1963). "Evidence for the action of alkylating agents on deoxyribonucleic acid." Exp Cell Res 24: SUPPL9:521-4. Pubmed ID=14046251
Carter, C. A., Y. Habraken, et al. (1988). "Release of 7-alkylguanines from haloethylnitrosourea-treated DNA by E. coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase II." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155(3): 1261-5. Pubmed ID=3052445
Csaba, G., J. Kiss, et al. (1969). "Intratumoral localization of phenazathionium-mustard chloride: a new antitumor agent." Neoplasma 16(2): 145-9. Pubmed ID=5807549
Culp, S. J., D. W. Gaylor, et al. (1998). "A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo[a]pyrene in a 2-year bioassay." Carcinogenesis 19(1): 117-24. Pubmed ID=9472702
Davison, C., R. S. Rozman, et al. (1961). "Metabolism of bis-beta-chloroethyl sulfide (sulfur mustard gas)." Biochem Pharmacol 7: 65-74. Pubmed ID=13720264
Debouzy, J. C., S. Aous, et al. (2002). "Phospholipid matrix as a target for sulfur mustard (HD): NMR study in model membrane systems." Cell Biol Toxicol 18(6): 397-408. Pubmed ID=12484550
Fidder, A., G. W. Moes, et al. (1994). "Synthesis, characterization, and quantitation of the major adducts formed between sulfur mustard and DNA of calf thymus and human blood." Chem Res Toxicol 7(2): 199-204. Pubmed ID=8199309
Fidder, A., D. Noort, et al. (1996). "N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-guanine: a novel urinary metabolite following exposure to sulphur mustard." Arch Toxicol 70(12): 854-5. Pubmed ID=8911645
Gilbert, R. M., S. Rowland, et al. (1975). "Involvement of separate pathways in the repair of mutational and lethal lesions induced by a monofunctional sulfur mustard." Mutat Res 28(2): 257-75. Pubmed ID=166305
Hambrook, J. L., D. J. Howells, et al. (1993). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard (1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane)): uptake, distribution and retention of 35S in skin and in blood after cutaneous application of 35S-sulphur mustard in rat and comparison with human blood in vitro." Xenobiotica 23(5): 537-61. Pubmed ID=8342301
Hodgson, E. and R. L. Rose (2005). "Human metabolism and metabolic interactions of deployment-related chemicals." Drug Metab Rev 37(1): 1-39. Pubmed ID=15747499
Kumar, O. and R. Vijayaraghavan (1997). "Effect on physiological variables & urinary metabolites following a single dermal application of sulphur mustard in rats." Def Sci J 47(3): 389-394.
Langenberg, J. P., G. P. van der Schans, et al. (1998). "Toxicokinetics of sulfur mustard and its DNA-adducts in the hairless guinea pig." Drug Chem Toxicol 21 Suppl 1: 131-47. Pubmed ID=10028407
Lin, P., I. A. Bernstein, et al. (1994). "Failure to observe a relationship between bis-(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide-induced NAD depletion and cytotoxicity in the rat keratinocyte culture." J Toxicol Environ Health 42(4): 393-405. Pubmed ID=8051714
Lodhi, I. J., J. F. Sweeney, et al. (2001). "Nuclear dependence of sulfur mustard-mediated cell death." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 170(1): 69-77. Pubmed ID=11141358
Ludlum, D. B., S. Kent, et al. (1986). "Formation of O6-ethylthioethylguanine in DNA by reaction with the sulfur mustard, chloroethyl sulfide, and its apparent lack of repair by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase." Carcinogenesis 7(7): 1203-6. Pubmed ID=3719912
Ludlum, D. B. and B. Papirmeister (1986). "DNA modification by sulfur mustards and nitrosoureas and repair of these lesions." Basic Life Sci 38: 119-25. Pubmed ID=3741325
Ludlum, D. B., W. P. Tong, et al. (1984). "Formation of O6-ethylthioethyldeoxyguanosine from the reaction of chloroethyl ethyl sulfide with deoxyguanosine." Cancer Res 44(12 Pt 1): 5698-701. Pubmed ID=6498832
Maisonneuve, A., I. Callebat, et al. (1993). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard in rat: toxicokinetics and disposition." Xenobiotica 23(7): 771-80. Pubmed ID=8237059
Maisonneuve, A., I. Callebat, et al. (1994). "Distribution of [14C]sulfur mustard in rats after intravenous exposure." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 125(2): 281-7. Pubmed ID=8171436
Martens, M. E. and W. J. Smith (1993). "Mechanisms of sulfur mustard-induced metabolic injury." FASEB J 8(3): A408.
Matijasevic, Z., A. Stering, et al. (1996). "Release of sulfur mustard-modified DNA bases by Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II." Carcinogenesis 17(10): 2249-52. Pubmed ID=8895496
Mauro, F. and M. M. Elkind (1967). "Sulfur mustard and x-rays: differences in expression of lethal damage." Science 155(769): 1561-3. Pubmed ID=6020479
Miyazawa, F., V. C. Dick, et al. (1968). "Reversible dissociation of Escherichia coli ribosomes by nitrogen mustard." Biochim Biophys Acta 155(1): 193-201. Pubmed ID=4869449
Mozier, N. M. and J. L. Hoffman (1990). "Biosynthesis and urinary excretion of methyl sulfonium derivatives of the sulfur mustard analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, and other thioethers." Faseb J 4(15): 3329-33. Pubmed ID=2253846
NRC (1999). Review of the U.S. Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
NRC (2000). Review of the U.S. Army's health risk assessments for oral exposure to six chemical-warfare agents. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
Nyhan, W. L. and F. Lampert (1966). "Effects of a nitrogen mustard on the incorporation of amino acids into the proteins of tumor slices." Cancer Res 26(7): 1430-4. Pubmed ID=5911585
Nyska, A., L. Lomnitski, et al. (2001). "Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin." Arch Toxicol 74(12): 768-74. Pubmed ID=11305779
Ray, P. and S. T. Ali (1998). "Protease in normal human epidermal keratinocytes." Drug Chem Toxicol 21(3): 319-27. Pubmed ID=9706464
Ray, R., B. J. Majerus, et al. (1993). Sulfur mustard-induced increase in intracellular calcium: A mechanism of mustard toxicity. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Read, R. W. and R. M. Black (2004). "Analysis of beta-lyase metabolites of sulfur mustard in urine by electrospray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." J Anal Toxicol 28(5): 346-51. Pubmed ID=15239854
Smith, P. H., M. V. Nadkarni, et al. (1958). "Distribution and fate of alkylating agents." Ann NY Acad Sci 68: 834-852.
Somani, S. M. (1992). Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of mustard. Chemical warfare agents. San Diego, CA, Academic Press Inc.: 13-50.
Sterri, S. H. (1993). Effect of s-mustard on stress response. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
