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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Nitrogen Mustard References:
Anslow, W. P. and C. R. Houck (1946). Systemic pharmacology and pathology of sulfur and nitrogen mustards. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems. Washington, DC, US Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee. Part 4, Chapter 22: 440-478.
Bowden, E. (1943). Median detectable concentrations by odor of plant run mustard, plant run lewisite and pilot plant ethyl nitrogen mustard, Chemical Warfare Service.
Cohen, B. (1946). Kinetic reactions of sulfur and nitrogen mustards. Chemical warfare agents and related problems, parts 3-4. Washington, DC, Office of scientific research and development, Division 9, NRDC: NTIS PB158-508, 415-424.
Creech, H. J., R. K. Preston, et al. (1972). "Antitumor and mutagenic properties of a variety of heterocyclic nitrogen and sulfur mustards." J Med Chem 15(7): 739-46. Pubmed ID=4557857
Deaton, M. A., P. D. Bowman, et al. (1990). "Stress protein synthesis in human keratinocytes treated with sodium arsenite, phenyldichloroarsine, and nitrogen mustard." Fundam Appl Toxicol 14(3): 471-6. Pubmed ID=2340977
Deysson, G. and R. Truhaut (1959). "[Research on the anti-mitotic properties of compounds related to nitrogen mustards. I. Comparative activity, tested on plant cells, of "nitrogen mustard" HN 3 and its sulfur homologues (yperite) and oxygen homologues (chlorex)]." Bull Assoc Fr Etud Cancer 46: 762-9. Pubmed ID=13816347
Dubey, D. K., D. Pardasania, et al. (2005). "On-matrix derivatisation-extraction of precursors of nitrogen- and sulfur-mustards for verification of chemical weapons convention." J Chromatogr A 1076(1-2): 27-33. Pubmed ID=15974066
Fong, J. and E. Bernal (1953). "In vitro action of sulfur mustard and chloroethylamine derivatives upon antigenicity of influenza A (PR8) virus." J Immunol 70(1): 97-102. Pubmed ID=13035093
Fox, M. and D. Scott (1980). "The genetic toxicology of nitrogen and sulphur mustard." Mutat Res 75(2): 131-68. Pubmed ID=6988708
Franke, S. (1967). Textbook of military chemistry. Berlin, West Germany, Military Publisher of the German Democratic Republic.
Friedenwald, J. S. and W. Buschke (1948). "Nuclear fragmentation produced by mustard and nitrogen mustards in the corneal epithelium." Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 82: 161-177.
Fung, L. W., C. Ho, et al. (1975). "The alkylation of hemoglobin S by nitrogen mustard. High resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies." J Biol Chem 250(12): 4786-9. Pubmed ID=1141230
Georgacopulo, P., S. Guerrieri, et al. (1964). "[Modality of reabsorption of labelled nitrogen mustard introduced in the bronchi. Histoautoradiographic study.]." Minerva Chir 19: 667-9. Pubmed ID=14228786
Georgacopulo, P., V. Stancanelli, et al. (1964). "[Mode of Reabsorption of a Labelled Nitrogen Mustard Introduced into the Bladder. Histoautoradographic Study.]." Minerva Chir 19: 693-5. Pubmed ID=14227544
Georgacopulo, P., V. Stancanelli, et al. (1964). "[Methods of reabsorption of a labeled nitrogen mustard introduced into the lumen of the colon. (Histoautoradiographic study)]." Minerva Chir 19: 439-42. Pubmed ID=14179822
Georgacopulo, P., V. Stancanelli, et al. (1964). "[Modality of reabsorption of a labelled nitrogen mustard in the esophagus (Histoautoradiographic study).]." Minerva Chir 19: 777-9. Pubmed ID=14259601
Georgacopulo, P., V. Stancanelli, et al. (1966). "[Irradiation of the lymph nodes of the colon with radioactive nitrogen mustard]." Minerva Chir 21(1): 4-6. Pubmed ID=5910990
Georgacopulo, P., V. Stancanelli, et al. (1965). "[Treatment of bladder neoplasms by means of radioactive nitrogen mustard.]." Minerva Med 56: 1476-8. Pubmed ID=14302391
Giuliani, I., E. Boivieux-Ulrich, et al. (1994). "Toxic effects of mechlorethamine on mammalian respiratory mucociliary epithelium in primary culture." Cell Biol Toxicol 10(4): 231-46. Pubmed ID=7895152
Graef, I., D. A. Karnofsky, et al. (1948). "The clinical and pathologic effects of the nitrogen and sulphur mustards in laboratory animals." Am J Pathol 24: 1-47.
Harold, F. M. and Z. Z. Ziporin (1958). "Effect of nitrogen and sulfur mustard on nucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli." Biochim Biophys Acta 28(3): 482-91. Pubmed ID=13560397
Henry, R. E., M. A. Warnecke, et al. (1974). "Effect of mechlorethamine or vincristine sulfate on marrow reticuloendothelial and erythropoietic function in rats." J Reticuloendothel Soc 15(5): 406-12. Pubmed ID=4851663
Heston, W. E. (1953). "Occurrence of tumors in mice injected subcutaneously with sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustard." J Natl Cancer Inst 14(1): 131-40. Pubmed ID=13097144
Hietbrink, B. E. and A. B. Raymund (1963). "The influence of some sulfur-containing compounds on the toxicity of nitrogen Mustards." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 5: 735-49. Pubmed ID=14082479
Kenar, L., H. Boyunaga, et al. (2006). "Effect of nitrogen mustard, a vesicant agent, on lymphocyte energy metabolism." Clin Chem Lab Med 44(10): 1253-7. Pubmed ID=17032138
Khan, S., J. J. Ramwani, et al. (1992). "Hepatocyte toxicity of mechlorethamine and other alkylating anticancer drugs. Role of lipid peroxidation." Biochem Pharmacol 43(9): 1963-7. Pubmed ID=1596284
Kisby, G. E., N. Springer, et al. (2000). "In vitro neurotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of nitrogen mustard." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S35-41. Pubmed ID=11428641
Valeriote, F. and H. E. Grates (1986). "Potentiation of nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity to leukemia cells by sulfur-containing compounds administered in vivo." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 12(7): 1165-9. Pubmed ID=3744935
Van Vloten, W. A., A. C. Cooijmans, et al. (1993). "Concentrations of nitrogen mustard in the air during topical treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides." Br J Dermatol 128(4): 404-6. Pubmed ID=8494753
Vojvodic, V., Z. Milosavljevic, et al. (1985). "The protective effect of different drugs in rats poisoned by sulfur and nitrogen mustards." Fundam Appl Toxicol 5(6 Pt 2): S160-8. Pubmed ID=4092884
Whitten, B. (1963). Gas warfare agents, nitrogen mustards. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. B. Whitten. New York, NY, The Interscience Encyclopedia: 127-130, 144-145.
Wormser, U. and A. Nyska (1991). "Protective effect of O-phenanthroline against mechlorethamine toxicity in the rat liver slice system and in the guinea pig skin." Arch Toxicol 65(8): 666-70. Pubmed ID=1747067
