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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Dermal Effects of Sulfur Mustard
Featured Dermal Publications From Our Center:
Gerecke DR, Sabourin CLK, Chang YC, Laskin JD, Gordon MK, and Casillas RP. Gene Expression profiles of vesicant-induced skin injury. HFM Symposium on Defense Against the Effects of Chemical Hazards: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Medical Countermeasures. Edinburgh, Scotland, 2007. [paper].
Chen M, Tong W, Welsh W, and Georgopoulos PG. 2006. Gene expression profiles of rodent pulmonary tissue following sulfur mustard exposure using ArrayTrack. [poster]
Shakarjian MP, Bhatt P, Gordon MK, Chang YC, Casbohm SL, Rudge TL, Kiser RC, Sabourin CL, Casillas RP, Ohman-Strickland P, Riley DJ, Gerecke DR. 2006. Preferential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in mouse skin after sulfur mustard exposure. J Appl Toxicol, 26: 239-246. [abstract]
Gerecke DR, Sabourin CLK, Bhatt P, Rudge Jr TL, Casillas RP, Kiser RC, Casbohm SL, Riley DJ, Ohman-Strickland P, Ajibade DV, and Shakarjian MP. 2004. Laminin 5 and Gelatinase alterations in mouse skin following sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Proceedings of Bioscience Review, 211: 1-12. [pdf]
General Dermal Publications:
Aasted, A., E. Darre, et al. (1987). "Mustard gas: clinical, toxicological, and mutagenic aspects based on modern experience." Ann Plast Surg 19(4): 330-3. Pubmed=3318637
Aasted, A., H. C. Wulf, et al. (1985). "[Fishermen exposed to mustard gas. Clinical experience and evaluation of the cancer risk]." Ugeskr Laeger 147(28): 2213-6. Pubmed=4060277
Abe, Y., K. Sugisaki, et al. (1996). "Rabbit vascular endothelial adhesion molecules: ELAM-1 is most elevated in acute inflammation, whereas VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 predominate in chronic inflammation." J Leukoc Biol 60(6): 692-703. Pubmed=8975870
Amalric, P., P. Bessou, et al. (1965). "[Late recurrences of keratitis caused by mustard gas]." Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 65(2): 101-6. Pubmed=5828925
Amir, A., S. Chapman, et al. (1998). "Protection by extracellular glutathione against sulfur mustard induced toxicity in vitro." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(12): 652-60. Pubmed=9988369
Amitai, G., R. Adani, et al. (2005). "Bifunctional compounds eliciting anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activity as potential treatment of nerve and blister chemical agents poisoning." Chem Biol Interact 157-158: 361-2. Pubmed=16498717
Angelov, A., L. Belchev, et al. (1996). "Study of some toxic effects of sulfur mustard gas on broiler chickens." Vet Archiv 66: 27-34.
Arroyo, C. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (2001). "The role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human sulfur mustard (HD) toxicology." Int J Toxicol 20(5): 281-96. Pubmed=11766126
Arroyo, C. M., D. L. Burman, et al. (2004). "TNF-alpha expression patterns as potential molecular biomarker for human skin cells exposed to vesicant chemical warfare agents: sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L)." Cell Biol Toxicol 20(6): 345-59. Pubmed=15868479
Arroyo, C. M., D. L. Burman, et al. (2004). Neutralization effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) antibodies on sulfur mustard (HD)-induced IL-6 secretion on human epidermal keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1082.html
Arroyo, C. M., D. L. Burmon, et al. (2004). TNF-α Expression Patterns as Potential Molecular Biomarker for Human Skin Cells Exposed to Vesicant Chemical Warfare Agents: Sulfur mustard (HD) and Lewisite (L). Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1083.html
Arroyo, C. M., R. K. Kan, et al. (2003). "Regulation of 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 induced by sulfur mustard (HD) on human skin cells." Pharmacol Toxicol 92(5): 204-13. Pubmed=12753408
Arroyo, C. M., R. J. Schafer, et al. (1999). "Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard (HD): cytokine release using a non-enzymatic detachment procedure." Hum Exp Toxicol 18(1): 1-11. Pubmed=10025362
Arroyo, C. M., R. J. Schafer, et al. (2000). "Response of normal human keratinocytes to sulfur mustard: cytokine release." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S63-72. Pubmed=11428645
Atkins, K. B., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (2000). "N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S125-8. Pubmed=11428622
Axelrod, D. J. and J. G. Hamilton (1947). "Radio-autographic studies of the distribution of lewisite and mustard gas in skin and eye tissues." Am J Pathol 23: 389-411.
Babin, M. C., K. Ricketts, et al. (2000). "Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM)." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S141-4. Pubmed=11428627
Balali-Mood, M. and M. Hefazi (2006). "Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans." Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 99(4): 273-82. Pubmed=17040211
Balali-Mood, M., M. Hefazi, et al. (2005). "Long-term complications of sulphur mustard poisoning in severely intoxicated Iranian veterans." Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19(6): 713-21. Pubmed=16313284
Bhat, K. R., B. J. Benton, et al. (2000). "Role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in DNA repair in sulfur mustard-exposed normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK)." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S13-7. Pubmed=11428624
Carroll, L. S. (2005). "Sulfur mustard: cutaneous exposure." Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43(1): 55. Pubmed=15732448
Casillas, R. P., R. C. Kiser, et al. (2000). "Therapeutic approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfur mustard. I. Modulaton of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S145-51. Pubmed=11428628
Casillas, R. P., K. J. Smith, et al. (1996). Effect of topically applied drugs against HD-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear edema model. Med Def Bioscience Rev,
.
Chakrabarti, A. K. and P. Ray (2000). "Novel endogenous inhibitor of sulfur mustard-stimulated protease in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes: possible application in vesicant intervention." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S59-61. Pubmed=11428644
Chakrabarti, A. K., P. Ray, et al. (1998). "Purification and characterization of protease activated by sulfur mustard in normal human epidermal keratinocytes." Biochem Pharmacol 56(4): 467-72. Pubmed=9763222
Chauhan, R. S., L. V. Murthy, et al. (1996). "Structural changes induced by sulphur mustard in rabbit skin." J Appl Toxicol 16(6): 491-5. Pubmed=8956094
Chauhan, R. S., L. V. Murthy, et al. (1993). "Effect of sulphur mustard on mouse skin--an electron microscopic evaluation." Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51(3): 374-80. Pubmed=8219592
Chauhan, R. S., L. V. Murthy, et al. (1993). "Histomorphometric study of animal skin exposed to sulphur mustard." Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51(1): 138-45. Pubmed=8318764
Chauhan, R. S., L. V. Murthy, et al. (1995). "Electron microscopic study of guinea pig skin exposed to sulphur mustard." Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 55(1): 50-7. Pubmed=7545039
Chilcott, R. P., R. F. Brown, et al. (2000). "Non-invasive quantification of skin injury resulting from exposure to sulphur mustard and Lewisite vapours." Burns 26(3): 245-50. Pubmed=10741590
Chilcott, R. P., C. H. Dalton, et al. (2002). "Transepidermal water loss does not correlate with skin barrier function in vitro." J Invest Dermatol 118(5): 871-5. Pubmed=11982767
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2000). "Human skin absorption of Bis-2-(chloroethyl)sulphide (sulphur mustard) in vitro." J Appl Toxicol 20(5): 349-55. Pubmed=11139165
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2001). "In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin." J Appl Toxicol 21(4): 279-83. Pubmed=11481660
Chilcott, R. P., J. Jenner, et al. (2002). "Evaluation of barrier creams against sulphur mustard. I. In vitro studies using human skin." Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 15(4): 225-35. Pubmed=12218284
Clark, C. R., J. R. Smith, et al. (1999). "Development of an in vitro screening method for evaluating decontamination of sulfur mustard by reactive dermal formulations." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S77-81. Pubmed=10594905
Clark, O., E. Nealley, et al. (2004). Chemically induced cell death in human keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1088.html
Clemedson, C. J., H. Kristoffersson, et al. (1963). "Whole body autoradiographic studies of the distribution of sulphur 35-labelled mustard gas in mice." Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 1: 314-20. Pubmed=14073976
Collumbine, H. (1946). "The mode of penetration of the skin by mustard gas." Br J Dermatol 58: 291-294.
Cook, J. R. and R. G. Van Buskirk (1997). "A double-label technique that monitors sulfur mustard damage to nuclei and mitochondria of normal human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro." Toxicol Pathol 25(5): 481-6. Pubmed=9323838
Corsini, E. and C. L. Galli (1998). "Cytokines and irritant contact dermatitis." Toxicol Lett 102-103: 277-82. Pubmed=10022266
Cowan, F. M. and C. A. Broomfield (1993). "Putative roles of inflammation in the dermatopathology of sulfur mustard." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(3): 201-13. Pubmed=8299000
Cowan, F. M., C. A. Broomfield, et al. (1998). "Sulfur mustard exposure enhances Fc receptor expression on human epidermal keratinocytes in cell culture: implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures." Cell Biol Toxicol 14(4): 261-6. Pubmed=9733281
Cowan, F. M., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1993). "Sulfur mustard-increased proteolysis following in vitro and in vivo exposures." Cell Biol Toxicol 9(3): 269-77. Pubmed=8299005
Crathorn, A. R. and J. J. Roberts (1965). "Reactions of cultured mammalian cells of varying radiosensitivity with the radiomimetic alkylating agent, mustard gas." Prog Biochem Pharmacol 1: 320-326.
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2002). "Potential anti-inflammatory treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard injury using the mouse ear vesicant model." Hum Exp Toxicol 21(4): 197-203. Pubmed=12099621
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2004). "Amelioration of sulfur mustard skin injury following a topical treatment with a mixture of a steroid and a NSAID." J Appl Toxicol 24(2): 107-13. Pubmed=15052605
Dachir, S., E. Fishbeine, et al. (2004). Treating HD cutaneous injury with anti-inflammatory drugs – Summing up and future prospects. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1059.html
Dalton, C. H., J. Jenner, et al. (2004). Implications of a Putative Sulphur Mustard Skin Depot in Cutaneous Therapeutics. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1061.html
Dalton, C. H., M. P. Maidment, et al. (2006). "Closed cup vapor systems in percutaneous exposure studies: what is the dose?" J Anal Toxicol 30(3): 165-70. Pubmed=16803650
Dannenberg, A. M., Jr., P. J. Pula, et al. (1985). "Inflammatory mediators and modulators released in organ culture from rabbit skin lesions produced in vivo by sulfur mustard. I. Quantitative histopathology; PMN, basophil, and mononuclear cell survival; and unbound (serum) protein content." Am J Pathol 121(1): 15-27. Pubmed=4050973
De Young, L. M., R. A. Mufson, et al. (1977). "An apparent inactivation of initiated cells by the potent inhibitor of two-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide." Cancer Res 37(12): 4590-4. Pubmed=200356
Deaton, M. A., P. D. Bowman, et al. (1990). "Stress protein synthesis in human keratinocytes treated with sodium arsenite, phenyldichloroarsine, and nitrogen mustard." Fundam Appl Toxicol 14(3): 471-6. Pubmed=2340977
Dillman, J. F., 3rd, A. I. Hege, et al. (2006). "Microarray analysis of mouse ear tissue exposed to bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide: gene expression profiles correlate with treatment efficacy and an established clinical endpoint." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 317(1): 76-87. Pubmed=16377760
Dillman, J. F., 3rd, K. L. McGary, et al. (2003). "Sulfur mustard induces the formation of keratin aggregates in human epidermal keratinocytes." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 193(2): 228-36. Pubmed=14644625
Dillman, J. F., 3rd, K. L. McGary, et al. (2004). "An inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase downregulates cytokine release induced by sulfur mustard exposure in human epidermal keratinocytes." Toxicol In Vitro 18(5): 593-9. Pubmed=15251176
DOA (1994). Mechanism of cutaneous vesication. Frederick, MD, U.S. Army Medical Research, Development, Acquisition and Logistics Command, Department of the Army: ADA283085.
Doebler, J. A. (2003). "Blockade of sulfur mustard cytotoxicity in human epidermal keratinocytes with the purinergic receptor antagonist suramin." Vet Hum Toxicol 45(1): 14-7. Pubmed=12583689
Eldad, A., A. Weinberg, et al. (1998). "Early nonsurgical removal of chemically injured tissue enhances wound healing in partial thickness burns." Burns 24(2): 166-72. Pubmed=9625245
Elsayed, N. M., S. T. Omaye, et al. (1992). "Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection." Toxicology 72(2): 153-65. Pubmed=1566277
Emison, E. S. and W. J. Smith (1997). "Cytometric analysis of DNA damage in cultured human epithelial cells after exposure to sulfur mustard." J Am Coll Toxicol 15: S9-S18.
English, F., W. T. Brisbane, et al. (1990). "The challenge of mustard-gas keratopathy." Med J Aust 152: 55-56.
Evison, D., R. F. Brown, et al. (2006). "The treatment of sulphur mustard burns with laser debridement." J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(10): 1087-93. Pubmed=16996434
Firooz, A., A. Komeili, et al. (1999). "Eruptive melanocytic nevi and cherry angiomas secondary to exposure to sulfur mustard gas." J Am Acad Dermatol 40(4): 646-7. Pubmed=10188695
Foussereau, J., C. Benezra, et al. (1982). Occupational contact dermatitis, clinical and chemical aspects. Philadelphia, PA, W. B. Saunders Company.
Gentilhomme, E., A. Reano, et al. (1998). "In vitro dermal intoxication by bis(chloroethyl)sulfide. Effect on secondary epidermization." Cell Biol Toxicol 14(1): 1-11. Pubmed=9538940
Gerecke, D. R., C. L. K. Sabourin, et al. (2004). Laminin 5 and gelatinase alterations in mouse skin following sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1092.html
Gilman, M. R. (1982). Skin and eye testing in animals. Principles and methods of toxicology. A. W. Hayes. New York, NY, Raven Press: 209-222.
Gold, M. B., R. Bongiovanni, et al. (1993). Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Gold, M. B., R. Bongiovanni, et al. (1994). "Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig." Drug Chem Toxicol 17(4): 499-527. Pubmed=7821235
Graham, J. S., R. P. Chilcott, et al. (2005). "Wound healing of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries: strategies for the development of improved therapies." J Burns Wounds 4: e1. Pubmed=16921406
Graham, J. S., R. P. Chilcott, et al. (2004). Wound healing of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries: Strategies for the development of improved therapies. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1055.html
Graham, J. S., F. M. Reid, et al. (2000). "A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S161-72. Pubmed=11428630
Graham, J. S., K. T. Schomacker, et al. (2002). "Bioengineering methods employed in the study of wound healing of sulphur mustard burns." Skin Res Technol 8(1): 57-69. Pubmed=12005121
Graham, J. S., K. T. Schomacker, et al. (2002). "Efficacy of laser debridement with autologous split-thickness skin grafting in promoting improved healing of deep cutaneous sulfur mustard burns." Burns 28(8): 719-30. Pubmed=12464469
Graham, J. S., R. S. Stevenson, et al. (2006). Improved wound healing of cutaneous sulfur mustard injuries in a weanling pig model. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Hunt Valley, MD. reference # 1126.html
Grando, S. A. (2003). "Mucocutaneous cholinergic system is targeted in mustard-induced vesication." Life Sci 72(18-19): 2135-44. Pubmed=12628470
Greenberg, S., P. Kamath, et al. (2006). "Characterization of the initial response of engineered human skin to sulfur mustard." Toxicol Sci 90(2): 549-57. Pubmed=16141436
Gross, C. L., O. E. Clark, et al. (2004). Lysis of adherent human epidermal keratinocytes in situ by a Misonix® Tissue Culture Plate Sonicator. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1093.html
Gross, C. L., H. L. Meier, et al. (1985). "Sulfur mustard lowers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations in human skin grafted to athymic nude mice." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 81(1): 85-90. Pubmed=3931299
Hambrook, J. L., J. M. Harrison, et al. (1992). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard (1,1'-thio-bis(2-chloroethane)): urinary and faecal excretion of 35S by rat after injection or cutaneous application of 35S-labelled sulphur mustard." Xenobiotica 22(1): 65-75. Pubmed=1615709
Hambrook, J. L., D. J. Howells, et al. (1993). "Biological fate of sulphur mustard (1,1'-thiobis(2-chloroethane)): uptake, distribution and retention of 35S in skin and in blood after cutaneous application of 35S-sulphur mustard in rat and comparison with human blood in vitro." Xenobiotica 23(5): 537-61. Pubmed=8342301
Hamilton, T. A., R. K. Kan, et al. (2004). An Immunohistochemical Approach to the Characterization of Cutaneous Wound Healing Following Sulfur Mustard Exposure in the Weanling Pig. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1077.html
Harada, S., A. M. Dannenberg, Jr., et al. (1985). "Inflammatory mediators and modulators release in organ culture from rabbit skin lesions produced in vivo by sulfur mustard. II. Evans blue dye experiments that determined the rates of entry and turnover of serum protein in developing and healing lesions." Am J Pathol 121(1): 28-38. Pubmed=4050975
Harada, S., A. M. Dannenberg, Jr., et al. (1987). "Inflammatory mediators and modulators released in organ culture from rabbit skin lesions produced in vivo by sulfur mustard. III. Electrophoretic protein fractions, trypsin-inhibitory capacity, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, and alpha 1- and alpha 2-macroglobulin proteinase inhibitors of culture fluids and serum." Am J Pathol 126(1): 148-63. Pubmed=2433944
Hart, B. W. and J. J. Schlager (1996). "G2/M phase cell cycle block by sulfur mustard in normal human keratinocytes." Med Def Biosci Rev 2: 835-843.
Hart, B. W. and J. J. Schlager (1997). "Okadaic acid and calyculin a reverse sulfur mustard-induced G 2 /M cell-cycle block in human keratinocytes." J Am Coll Toxicol 15(Suppl. 2): S36-S42.
Hefazi, M., M. Maleki, et al. (2006). "Delayed complications of sulfur mustard poisoning in the skin and the immune system of Iranian veterans 16-20 years after exposure." Int J Dermatol 45(9): 1025-31. Pubmed=16961503
Henemyre-Harris, C. L., K. Newkirk, et al. (2004). An in vitro wound healing model to screen pharmacological interventions for the effective treatment of cutaneous sulfur mstard injuries. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1060.html
Higuchi, K., A. Kajiki, et al. (1988). "Proteases released in organ culture by acute dermal inflammatory lesions produced in vivo in rabbit skin by sulfur mustard: hydrolysis of synthetic peptide substrates for trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes." Inflammation 12(4): 311-34. Pubmed=3049342
Hinshaw, D. B., I. J. Lodhi, et al. (1999). "Activation of poly [ADP-Ribose] polymerase in endothelial cells and keratinocytes: role in an in vitro model of sulfur mustard-mediated vesication." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 156(1): 17-29. Pubmed=10101095
Husain, K., S. N. Dube, et al. (1996). "Effect of topically applied sulphur mustard on antioxidant enzymes in blood cells and body tissues of rats." J Appl Toxicol 16(3): 245-8. Pubmed=8818865
Hwang, B.-J., M. L. Steinberg, et al. (2004). Time dependent gene array studies of normal and immortalized human keratinocytes. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1116.html
Illig, L. (1977). "[Management of psoriasis vulgaris using an external sulfur mustard compound with special reference to its possible carcinogenic hazard (1st continuation and conclusion). Carcinogenesis of sulfur mustard compound in animal experiment and in man]." Z Hautkr 52(20): 1035-44 concl. Pubmed=919660
Jin, X., R. Ray, et al. (2004). Studies on mustard-stimulated proteases and inhibitors in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK): Development of antivesicant drugs. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1095.html
Kadar, T., E. Fishbine, et al. (2003). "A topical skin protectant against chemical warfare agents." Isr Med Assoc J 5(10): 717-9. Pubmed=14719467
Kamath, P., S. Greenberg, et al. (2004). Characterization of the Initial Response of Bioengineered Human Skin To Sulfur Mustard: The Role of Basement Membrane. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1091.html
King, J. R. and N. A. Monteiro-Riviere (1990). "Cutaneous toxicity of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide in isolated perfused porcine skin." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 104(1): 167-79. Pubmed=2360206
Kiser, R. C., D. M. Moore, et al. (2004). Combination treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard exposure in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1097.html
Knezevic, D. L. and V. Tadic (1995). "[Percutaneous poisoning with sulphur mustard. Prevention, decontamination and therapy]." Vojnosanit Pregl 52(2): 163-72. Pubmed=7571531
Koper, O., E. Lucas, et al. (1999). "Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S59-70. Pubmed=10594903
Kulkarni, A. S., R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (2006). "Evaluation of analogues of DRDE-07 as prophylactic agents against the lethality and toxicity of sulfur mustard administered through percutaneous route." J Appl Toxicol 26(2): 115-25. Pubmed=16421877
Kumar, O., K. Sugendran, et al. (2001). "Protective effect of various antioxidants on the toxicity of sulphur mustard administered to mice by inhalation or percutaneous routes." Chem Biol Interact 134(1): 1-12. Pubmed=11248218
Kumar, O. and R. Vijayaraghavan (1997). "Effect on physiological variables & urinary metabolites following a single dermal application of sulphur mustard in rats." Def Sci J 47(3): 389-394.
Kurt, E., R. J. Schafer, et al. (1998). "Effects of sulfur mustard on cytokines released from cultured human epidermal keratinocytes." Int J Toxicol 17: 223-229.
Kurt, E. M., R. J. Schafer, et al. (1997). "Immunologic cytokine expression in human keratinocytes after exposure to sulfur mustard.". J Am Coll Toxicol 15(Suppl. 2): S32-S35.
Lakshmana Rao, P. V., R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (1999). "Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure." Toxicology 139(1-2): 39-51. Pubmed=10614687
Lardot, C., V. Dubois, et al. (1999). "Sulfur mustard upregulates the expression of interleukin-8 in cultured human keratinocytes." Toxicol Lett 110(1-2): 29-33. Pubmed=10593592
Lefkowitz, L. J. and W. J. Smith (2002). "Sulfur mustard-induced arachidonic acid release is mediated by phospholipase D in human keratinocytes." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 295(5): 1062-7. Pubmed=12135602
Leslie, K. S., G. W. Millington, et al. (2004). "Sulphur and skin: from Satan to Saddam!" J Cosmet Dermatol 3(2): 94-8. Pubmed=17147562
Levitt, J. M., A. K. vavra, et al. (2004). The Presence of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (Pmn) Affect the Severity of Sulfur Mustard Injury in the Mouse Ear Model. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. reference # 1100.html
Lin, P., I. A. Bernstein, et al. (1994). "Failure to observe a relationship between bis-(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide-induced NAD depletion and cytotoxicity in the rat keratinocyte culture." J Toxicol Environ Health 42(4): 393-405. Pubmed=8051714
Lin, P., F. L. Vaughan, et al. (1996). "Formation of interstrand DNA cross-links by bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES): a possible cytotoxic mechanism in rat keratinocytes." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 218(2): 556-61. Pubmed=8561795
Lin, P. P., I. A. Bernstein, et al. (1996). "Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) disturbs the progression of rat keratinocytes through the cell cycle." Toxicol Lett 84(1): 23-32. Pubmed=8597174
Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (2004). "Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour." J Appl Toxicol 24(1): 37-46. Pubmed=14745845
Lindsay, C. D., J. L. Hambrook, et al. (1997). "Monoisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(11): 636-44. Pubmed=9426364
Lindsay, C. D. and P. Rice (1995). "Changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of Yucatan mini-pig skin following application of sulphur mustard vapour." Hum Exp Toxicol 14(4): 341-8. Pubmed=7598994
Lindsay, C. D. and P. Rice (1996). "Assessment of the biochemical effects of percutaneous exposure of sulphur mustard in an in vitro human skin system." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(3): 237-44. Pubmed=8839212
Lindsay, C. D. and D. G. Upshall (1995). "The generation of a human dermal equivalent to assess the potential contribution of human dermal fibroblasts to the sulphur mustard-induced vesication response." Hum Exp Toxicol 14(7): 580-6. Pubmed=7576818
Liu, D. K., R. W. Wannemacher, et al. (1999). "Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development." J Appl Toxicol 19 Suppl 1: S40-5. Pubmed=10594900
Mann, I. (1944). "A study of eighty-four cases of delayed mustard gas keratitis fitted with contact lenses." Br J Ophthal 28: 441-447.
Martens, M. E. (1997). "In vitro studies of glucose metabolism in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to sulfur mustard." J Am Coll Toxicol 15(Suppl. 2): S19-S31.
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